Horn effect prediction based on the time domain boundary element method

A time domain boundary element method (TBEM) is applied to predict the horn effect. As the time response calculated by the time domain boundary integral equation contains the resonance components, when transformed to the frequency domain, the result will corrupt at the characteristic frequencies. To overcome this problem, a Burton-Miller-type combined time domain integral equation in half-space is applied. The resonance components are excluded in the time domain calculation, thus the corruptions are avoided in the frequency domain. As a result, the horn effect can be predicted very well at all frequencies. Compared to the frequency domain boundary element method for predicting the horn effect, the TBEM is more efficient due to the lower cost of forming coefficient matrices and solving equations. A numerical simulation is carried out to demonstrate the efficiency of the TBEM, and two experiments are conducted to validate the proposed method in predicting the horn effect. Both numerical and experimental results indicate that the proposed method is reliable and efficient in predicting the horn effect.