Integrated planning of park-and-ride facilities and transit service

- An integrated model for P&R facility and transit frequency design is proposed.
- P&R users' route choice behavior is modeled explicitly in a multimodal transportation network.
- A link-based formulation is proposed to avoid path enumeration.
- Net social benefit improves dramatically with the integrated P&R facility and transit frequency design.

This paper proposes an integrated planning framework to locate park-and-ride (P&R) facilities and optimize their capacities as well as transit service frequencies simultaneously. P&R users' route choice behavior is explicitly considered, and a link-based multimodal user equilibrium model is established. The optimal location and capacity of P&R facilities and transit service design problem is formulated as a mathematical program with complementarity constraints (MPCC), and a solution algorithm based on the active-set approach is developed to solve the optimal design problem effectively. A numerical example is employed to demonstrate that the optimal design shifts commuters from the automobile mode to transit and P&R modes and, hence improves the net social benefit dramatically.