Numerical multiscale modelling and experimental validation of low speed rubber friction on rough road surfaces including hysteretic and adhesive effects

- Real surface data is subdivided via filtering and not via intermediate processing.
- Several rough surface profiles should be used for each scale in a multiscale setup.
- With the applied adhesion law the increasing trend for low velocities is reproduced.
- Adhesion seems to be already present for surfaces covered with soap-water.

A multiscale finite element framework for the calculation of sliding rubber samples on rough surfaces is proposed. The two essential physical contributions hysteresis and adhesion are modelled. Hysteresis originating from the viscoelastic nature of rubber materials is included directly by incorporating the rough surface in the calculation with microscopic details and without transformations or a reconstruction of the surface. The adhesive interaction is introduced by a macroscopic shear stress law coupled to the hysteresis simulation by the evaluation of the relative contact area. The assumed mechanisms and the framework are explained in detail and are used to validate the method for experimental results of different materials for low sliding speeds.

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