Innovative appraisement of smart grid operation considering large-scale integration of electric vehicles enabling V2G and G2V systems

Upgrading the internal combustion engine (ICE) driven cars to the electric vehicles (EVs) offers the opportunity to reduce the fossil fuel consumption, emission rates and total driving costs. However, the large scale utilization of the EVs introduces a stochastic load demand to the power grid. The effect of EVs charging demand on the distribution network operation should be investigated properly. This paper proposed a novel model to study the effects of power exchange between the grid and EVs on the power system demand profile, the operation stability index, and the reliability indices. To this end, the operation instability indices are introduced by the range and standard deviation of the load factor of the network components to evaluate the system stability. Further, the CAIFI,1 SAIDI,2 SAIFI,3 and ASAI4 reliability indices are calculated for various vehicle-to-grid (V2G) and grid-to-vehicle (G2V) power level to estimate the impact of different level of power exchange on system reliability. We introduced an EV charging scheduling approach which considers the specification of Li-Ion battery and the limitations for increasing battery life. The power exchange profile for V2G is also calculated using the constant power method to discharge the energy at different levels for times which cars are parked at the workplace. Due to the stochastic nature of EVs, the minimal path method is used to compute the stability and reliability parameters and the backward-forward algorithm is used to load flow analysis. The proposed model is evaluated via modified IEEE 33-bus test system.