Gadolinium/chloride co-doping of lithium vanadium phosphate cathodes for lithium-ion batteries

Lithium vanadium phosphate (LVP, Li3V2(PO4)3) composites co-doped with cations and anions were synthesized via a rheological phase method reaction. The effects of Gd3+-Cl− co-doping on the structure, morphology, and electrochemical performance of Li3V2(PO4)3 particles were then systematically investigated. This method of cation-anion co-doping did not change the structure of Li3V2(PO4)3. All co-doped samples exhibited better electrochemical performance than that of the undoped sample. The highest initial discharge capacity of co-doped samples was 169 mAh/g and a capacity of 72.8 mAh/g was obtained at 10C rate at 3.0-4.8 V. This synergistic mechanism of anion-cation co-doping is a promising approach to optimize the performance of Li3V2(PO4)3.