Proteomic changes and molecular effects associated with Cr(III) and Cr(VI) treatments on germinating kiwifruit pollen

► Cr(III) and Cr(VI) do not induce DNA laddering in kiwifruit pollen at the doses used. ► Cr alters proteins involved in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and the ATP content. ► Both Cr species affect the ubiquitin proteolytic pathway through different mechanisms.