Temperature and pressure dependence of azurin stability as monitored by tryptophan fluorescence and phosphorescence. The case of F29A mutant

- Thermodynamic characterization of F29A azurin unfolding induced by pressure.
- The engineered cavity appears filled, at least partially, with water molecules.
- Pressure decreases F29A flexibility at high temperature.
- Protein hydration dominates on compaction at lower temperatures.
- The position of the engineered cavity is not a key factor for protein stability.

The effects of a single-point, F29A, cavity-forming mutation on the unfolding thermodynamic parameters of azurin from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and on the internal dynamics of the protein fold under pressure were probed by the fluorescence and phosphorescence emission of Trp48, deeply buried in the compact hydrophobic core of the macromolecule.Pressure-induced unfolding, monitored by the shift in the fluorescence spectrum, led to a volume change of 70-90 ml mol− 1. The difference in the unfolding volume between F29A and wild type azurin was smaller than the volume of the space theoretically created in the mutant, indicating that the cavity is, at least partially, filled with water molecules. The complex temperature dependence of the unfolding volume, for temperatures up to 20 °C, suggests the formation of an expanded form of the protein and highlights how the packing efficiency of azurin appears to contribute to the magnitude of internal void volume at any given temperature. Changes in flexibility of the protein matrix around the chromophore were monitored by the intrinsic phosphorescence lifetime. At 40 °C the application of pressure in the predenaturation range initially decreases the internal flexibility of azurin, the trend eventually reverting on approaching unfolding. The main difference between wild type and the cavity mutant is the inversion point which happens at 300 MPa for wild type and at 150 MPa for F29A. This suggests that, for the cavity mutant, pressure-induced internal hydration is more dominant than any compaction of the globular fold at relatively low pressures.