Plasma membrane repair: the adaptable cell life-insurance

- Clogging of wounds can occur by vesicle patching or proteins aggregation.
- Removal of small wounds can occur by endocytosis or shedding.
- Exocytosis remodels plasma membrane to promote resealing mechanisms.
- The amount of extracellular medium entry reflects the magnitude of the wound.
- The magnitude of the wounding activates different mechanisms.

The plasma membrane is the most basic element necessary for the cell to exist and be distinguishable from its environment. Regulated mechanisms allow tightly controlled communication between intacellular and extracellular medium allowing the maintenance of a specific biochemical environment, optimized for cellular functions. The anarchic and uncontrolled opening of a hole in the PM induces a change in the concentration of ions and oxidizing agents perturbing homeostasis. Fortunately, the cell possesses mechanisms that are capable of reacting to sudden extracellular medium entry and to block the leakage locally. Here we summarize the known mechanisms of membrane repair and how the size of the wound and the resulting calcium entry activates preferentially one or another mechanism adapted to the magnitude of the injury.