Biomarkers for characterization of heart failure - Distinction of heart failure with preserved and reduced ejection fraction

GDF-15 was useful to detect prevalent HF in addition to NT-proBNP and was elevated in HFrEF and HFpEF, whereas NT-proBNP was higher in HFrEF than in HFpEF. All biomarkers were useful to predict mortality in the general population. The index of ((CRP + GDF-15s + sST2)/NT-proBNP) was able to discriminate HFpEF from HFrEF.