Functional brain imaging of walking while talking - An fNIRS study

- fNIRS is a suitable imaging method for mapping brain activation of body movements.
- fNIRS measurement of brain activation during gait and a cognitive task is feasible.
- Frontotemporal areas in both hemispheres are activated.
- The usual imaging of frontopolar areas is not sufficient for imaging dual task.

Since functional imaging of whole body movements is not feasible with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), the present study presents in vivo functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) as a suitable technique to measure body movement effects on fronto-temporo-parietal cortical activation in single- and dual-task paradigms. Previous fNIRS applications in studies addressing whole body movements were typically limited to the assessment of prefrontal brain areas. The current study investigated brain activation in the frontal, temporal and parietal cortex of both hemispheres using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) with two large 4 × 4 probe-sets with 24 channels each during single and dual gait tasks. 12 young healthy adults were measured using fNIRS walking on a treadmill: the participants performed two single-task (ST) paradigms (walking at different speeds, i.e. 3 and 5 km/h) and a dual task (DT) paradigm where a verbal fluency task (VFT) had to be executed while walking at 3 km/h. The results show an increase of activation in Broca's area during the more advanced conditions (ST 5 km/h vs. ST 3 km/h, DT vs. ST 3 km/h, DT vs. 5 km/h), while the corresponding area on the right hemisphere was also activated. DT paradigms including a cognitive task in conjunction with whole body movements elicit wide-spread cortical activation patterns across fronto-temporo-parietal areas. An elaborate assessment of these activation patterns requires more extensive fNIRS assessments than the traditional prefrontal investigations, e.g. as performed with portable fNIRS devices.