Timescales and mechanisms of batholith construction: Constraints from zircon oxygen isotopes and geochronology of the late Variscan Serre Batholith (Calabria, southern Italy)

- Building the Serre Batholith started at c. 297 Ma and was completed in 5.1 ± 4.0 Ma.
- From incipient crustal melting to granite emplacement in c. 9 Ma.
- Batholith growth by incremental multipulse overaccretion.
- Distinct growth stages associated with melting of distinct magma sources.

The late Variscan Serre Batholith in central Calabria represents the middle portion, c. 13-km-thick, of a tilted crustal section continuously exposed from lower-crustal granulites to upper-crustal phyllites. The batholith is zoned, consisting of several granitoid types that were emplaced at depths ranging from c. 23 to c. 6 km. Deep, strongly foliated quartz diorites and tonalites were emplaced into migmatitic metapelites, the intermediate level granitoids are weakly foliated to unfoliated porphyritic granodiorites and monzogranites, and the shallowest bodies are two-mica granodiorites and granites, grading upward to biotite ± amphibole granodiorites, emplaced into paragneisses and phyllites. Five samples, representative of the main granitoid types in terms of both composition and emplacement depth, have been dated by SHRIMP. Zircon from a lower-crustal quartz diorite gave an emplacement age of 297.3 ± 3.1 Ma; two middle-crustal strongly peraluminous K-feldspar megacrystic granites were emplaced at 296.1 ± 1.9 Ma and 294.9 ± 2.7 Ma; a middle- to upper-crustal two-mica monzogranite was emplaced at 294.2 ± 2.6 Ma and finally, an upper-crustal weakly peraluminous granodiorite from the batholith roof was emplaced at 292.2 ± 2.6 Ma. These results are consistent with the development of the batholith by incremental multipulse overaccretion, each granitoid body being in a dominantly rigid state before intrusion of the next, with little or no possibility of magma mixing. The difference in age between the oldest and youngest granitoids, from the batholith floor and roof, respectively, is 5.1 ± 4.0 Ma, providing an upper limit of about 9 Ma on the time taken for batholith construction. The presence in the c. 296-294 Ma granitoids of c. 305-302 Ma anatectic zircon with varied Th/U and oxygen isotope compositions indicates a time interval of 8-9 Ma between incipient partial melting in the lower crust and magma emplacement in the middle crust. The emplacement of the first granitoid bodies into the top of the lower crust was controlled tectonically by the activation of a deep-seated shear zone. The shallowest granodiorites were emplaced during the waning stages of the shear zone activity, producing late- to post-tectonic contact metamorphism in the upper-crustal phyllites and mylonitic paragneisses.