Structure-function relationships underlying calculation: A combined diffusion tensor imaging and fMRI study

Both neuropsychological and functional neuroimaging studies have identified brain regions that are critical for the neurocognitive processes related to the calculation of arithmetic problems. In particular, the left angular gyrus (lAG) has been repeatedly implicated in arithmetic problem solving and found to be most activated during the retrieval of arithmetic facts. While significant progress has been made in determining the functional role of specific grey matter areas underlying calculation, very little is known about the relationship between these activated regions and their underlying white matter structures. In this study, we collected both diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data while participants performed a mental arithmetic task. Fractional anisotropy (FA) values were extracted from predefined, hypothesis-driven, white matter regions and correlated with fMRI activation values, which were extracted from anatomically defined grey matter regions. Results indicated structure-function relationships on multiple levels. Specifically, a link between the integrity of the left superior corona radiata (SCR) and neural activity in the lAG during calculation was observed, which was found to be particularly strong for problems that have a high probability of being solved via the retrieval of arithmetic facts (problems with a relatively small problem size). The findings reported provide a link between functional activation and structural integrity of grey and white matter regions in the left temporoparietal cortex, thereby contributing to our understanding of the role of both the function and structure of this brain region in calculation.