Predicting short-period, wind-wave-generated seismic noise in coastal regions

- We model wind-wave-induced noise in the 0.7-2 s period range.
- Our model allows predicting both ocean-bottom acoustic and in-land seismic noise.
- 0.7 to 2 s coastal seismic noise is mainly caused by secondary microseisms.
- Contributing wind-waves occur within about 2000 km of the coast.
- Ocean wind waves are far less isotropic than previously thought.

Substantial effort has recently been made to predict seismic energy caused by ocean waves in the 4-10 s period range. However, little work has been devoted to predict shorter period seismic waves recorded in coastal regions. Here we present an analytical framework that relates the signature of seismic noise recorded at 0.6-2 s periods (0.5-1.5 Hz frequencies) in coastal regions with deep-ocean wave properties. Constraints on key model parameters such as seismic attenuation and ocean wave directionality are provided by jointly analyzing ocean-floor acoustic noise and seismic noise measurements. We show that 0.6-2 s seismic noise can be consistently predicted over the entire year. The seismic noise recorded in this period range is mostly caused by local wind-waves, i.e. by wind-waves occurring within about 2000 km of the seismic station. Our analysis also shows that the fraction of ocean waves traveling in nearly opposite directions is orders of magnitude smaller than previously suggested for wind-waves, does not depend strongly on wind speed as previously proposed, and instead may depend weakly on the heterogeneity of the wind field. This study suggests that wind-wave conditions can be studied in detail from seismic observations, including under specific conditions such as in the presence of sea ice.