Effects of moisture content, torrefaction temperature, and die temperature in pilot scale pelletizing of torrefied Norway spruce

► Energy consumption in pelletizing of torrefied spruce is double as that for softwood. ► Pellet production rate showed a strong positive correlation with die temperature. ► Water addition worsened material flow properties severely. ► The amount of fines in pilot scale pelletizing of torrefied spruce was 10-30%. ► Bulk density of torrefied pellets was comparable to softwood pellets.