Flow mode-transition of natural convection in inclined rectangular enclosures subjected to bidirectional temperature gradients

Simulations have been carried out for Rayleigh numbers in the range between 103 and 104, aspect ratio (width/height) =4, and angle of inclination between 0 and 90°. Results indicate that thermal conditions of cavity end walls have a significant effect on mode-transition of thermal convection flows; and hence, on heat transfer effectiveness inside the cavity, and on the Hysteresis phenomenon (multi-steady solutions) occurred as the cavity angle of inclination (γ) varied. The existence of such multi-steady solutions strongly depends on the value of Rayleigh number.