Overview of electrical protection requirements for integration of a smart DC node with bidirectional electric vehicle charging stations into existing AC and DC railway grids

This unified regulatory framework is the result of a critical review which enabled us to modify, harmonise, and adapt requirements in a wide range of grid-interconnection standards and codes as well as company operation practices to the specific behaviour of bidirectional EVCSs. This is particularly important for RTSs where the interconnection of this reference DC node significantly changes the protection practices of RTSOs and the RTS earthing arrangement. This unified framework is proposed as a technical specification for the companies involved in the implementation of this type of DC node to feed bidirectional EVCSs.