Performance of Nafion® N115, Nafion® NR-212, and Nafion® NR-211 in a 1Â kW class all vanadium mixed acid redox flow battery

Three Nafion® membranes of similar composition but different thicknesses were operated in a 3-cell 1 kW class all vanadium mixed acid redox flow battery. The influence of current density on the charge/discharge characteristics, coulombic and energy efficiency, capacity fade, operating temperature and pressure drop in the flow circuit will be discussed and correlated to the Nafion® membrane thickness. Material costs associated with the Nafion® membranes, ease of handling the membranes, and performance impacts will also be discussed.