Dissecting anode swelling in commercial lithium-ion batteries

► Anode with pristine and lithiated graphite is formed via selective shielding cathode. ► Microscopic lattice constants of pristine and lithiated graphite are analyzed via XRD. ► Macroscopic anode thickness at pristine and lithiated graphite parts are measured. ► Anode swelling is directly correlated to lattice expansion at different SOC. ► Mechanism of anode swelling is analyzed.