Induction techniques for pediatric patients with congenital heart disease undergoing noncardiac procedures are influenced by cardiac functional status and residual lesion burden

Patients with higher ASA classes and CHD of more severity tend to be induced more with etomidate, ketamine or opioids over sevoflurane or propofol. Use of etomidate, ketamine or opioids was more associated with inotrope use, but there was not significant difference in respiratory events among different induction agents. Causative association needs to be examined in the future.