REE-Th-U and Nd isotope systematics of monazites in magnetite- and ilmenite-series granitic rocks of the Japan arc: Implications for its use as a tracer of magma evolution and detrital provenance

Monazite [(Ce, La, Th) PO4], a common accessory mineral in low-Ca felsic rocks and a wide range of metamorphic rocks, is suitable for in situ U-Pb dating, rare earth element (REE) geochemistry, and Nd isotope tracer studies. To link monazite composition with igneous petrogenesis and differentiation, we carried out comprehensive LA-ICP-MS measurements of REE-Th-U abundances and Sm-Nd isotope ratios in monazites from magnetite-series (oxidized type) and ilmenite-series (reduced type) granitic rocks across the Japan arc. The data revealed systematic differences in monazite composition between magnetite-series and ilmenite-series samples, and between pegmatites and granites. In ilmenite-series granitic rocks, monazites from pegmatites showed larger negative Eu anomalies, lower light-REE/middle-REE ratios, and higher middle-REE/heavy-REE ratios than those from granites. These geochemical variations were attributed to significant fractional crystallization of feldspars, monazite, xenotime, and garnet during differentiation in relatively reduced peraluminous granitic magmas. In contrast, there was no remarkable difference in the REE fractionation pattern between magnetite-series pegmatites and granites. Furthermore, the magnitudes of the negative Eu anomalies in the magnetite-series monazites were smaller than those observed in the ilmenite-series samples. These features were interpreted to reflect the suppression of monazite, xenotime, and garnet fractionation and limited Eu incorporation into fractionating feldspars in relatively oxidized and non-peraluminous magmas. In addition, our data demonstrated intra-grain variations in REE-Th-U compositions in a monazite from the Masaki ilmenite-series pegmatite, despite its homogenous Nd isotope composition. These variations suggest that the core and rim of the grain crystallized from distinct magmas that were generated from similar crustal rocks, but were differentiated under different conditions. A comparison of the present data with previously reported data indicates that igneous monazites from granitic rocks are distinct from a wide range of metamorphic monazites in REE-Th-U composition, especially due to their larger negative Eu anomalies. This finding highlights the potential utility of monazite REE-Th-U systematics as a provenance indicator for detrital monazites.