Analyses of the effect of seismic behavior of shallow tunnels in liquefiable grounds

Many studies have focused on the effects of earthquake loading on the forces and displacements of underground structures. As part of the analysis of these forces and displacements, seismic loading effects are considered when designing underground structures, and so the equations are measured under small strains. Thus, the real results in surrounding tunnels and underground structures cannot be expressed by applying these equations when large strains due to some phenomena such as liquefaction occur. In other words, the mechanism of underground structure seismic behavior has not been fully recognized, and despite the presence of several studies that have been conducted already, many others are still needed. So the present study strives to assess the effect of liquefaction on shield tunnels.