Natural rate doubts

We study the low frequency comovements in unemployment, inflation and the federal funds rate in the U.S. From 1970 through 1979 all three series trended up together; after 1979 they all trended down. The conventional explanation for the buildup of inflation in the 1970s is that the Fed reacted to an increase in the natural rate of unemployment by conducting an overly passive monetary policy. We show that this explanation is difficult to reconcile with the observed comovement of the Fed funds rate and inflation. We argue instead that the source of the inflation buildup in the 1970s was a downward drift in the real interest rate that was translated into a simultaneous increase in unemployment and inflation by passive Fed policy. Our explanation relies on the existence in the data of a positive long-run unemployment-inflation relationship. This is consistent with non-superneutrality of money in the long-run, and hence the title of our paper 'natural rate doubts'.