In situ and ex situ modifications of bacterial cellulose for applications in tissue engineering

- BC is produced by a few strains of bacteria and has unique properties that are not displayed by other biomaterials.
- In situ and ex situ modification methods for BC in the most recent 5 years are reviewed.
- Ex situ modification methods achieved by physical and chemical treatments are reviewed.
- Applications of modified BC in tissue engineering are discussed.

Bacterial cellulose (BC) is secreted by a few strains of bacteria and consists of a cellulose nanofiber network with unique characteristics. Because of its excellent mechanical properties, outstanding biocompatibilities, and abilities to form porous structures, BC has been studied for a variety of applications in different fields, including the use as a biomaterial for scaffolds in tissue engineering. To extend its applications in tissue engineering, native BC is normally modified to enhance its properties. Generally, BC modifications can be made by either in situ modification during cell culture or ex situ modification of existing BC microfibers. In this review we will first provide a brief introduction of BC and its attributes; this will set the stage for in-depth and up-to-date discussions on modified BC. Finally, the review will focus on in situ and ex situ modifications of BC and its applications in tissue engineering, particularly in bone regeneration and wound dressing.