Seismic image enhancement of mud volcano bearing complex structure by the CDS method, a case study in SE of the Caspian Sea shoreline

Improving seismic image quality in complex geological structures remains a challenge in seismic imaging. In complex media, imaging of geological structures such as the boundary of salt diapirs, faults, folding systems, overthrust zones, and unconformities are controversial and challenging tasks. Therefore, new imaging methods such as full waveform inversion, path-integral seismic imaging, reverse time migration, and the optimized common reflection surface stack methods were introduced to face these challenges. The common reflection surface stack method was used frequently to resolve some of the problems in complex structure seismic imaging. However, besides its great advantage in enhancing the quality of seismic section, it faces a problem with conflicting dips. The common reflection surface stack operator is an approximation of the reflection response of a curved interface in an inhomogeneous medium. In this study, a new strategy in the common reflection surface stack is introduced, which completely resolves the problem of conflicting dips in complex structures. Compared to the common reflection surface stack, the new stacking operator is the approximation of diffraction response of a diffraction point in depth. The kinematic wavefield attributes are defined for that diffraction point, whereas curvature of the interface is not fully considered. In the introduced strategy, there would be a stacking operator for each diffraction ray from the diffractor to the surface. Thus, the new operator gathers more energy that might get lost in imaging due to simplified operator in the other methods. The new method was applied to seismic data from a complex geological mud volcano bearing structure from south east of the Caspian Sea shoreline. This area includes numerous mud volcanoes which act as indicators of gas reservoirs. As a natural phenomenon, mud absorbs the seismic energy and deteriorates the quality of the final seismic section. Therefore, obtaining accurate image of the subsurface structures here, in the boundary portion of the mud volcano, is questionable. To overcome this problem, the new method was used to obtain a stacked section with all the possible diffraction energies. Subsequently, the stacked section underwent post stack depth migration. The final depth image proves the advantage of the new stacking operator for imaging in complex structures. Finally it could be concluded that this method could be used for imaging structures with sharp reflector truncations such as faults, diapirs, and unconformities.