An efficient and reusable bimetallic Ni3Fe NPs@C catalyst for selective hydrogenation of biomass-derived levulinic acid to γ-valerolactone

A controllable carbothermal synthesized bimetallic Ni-Fe NPs supported on activated carbon catalyst (Ni3Fe NPs@C) possesses superior dual catalytic functionality towards both direct hydrogenation (DH) and transfer hydrogenation (TH) of Levulinic Acid (LA) into value-added γ-Valerolactone (GVL).