NURBS plasticity: non-associated plastic flow

The important extension provided by this paper is that the evolution of plastic strain is decoupled from the yield surface normal. This allows the framework to model more realistic material behaviour, particularly in the case of frictional plasticity models where an associated flow rule is known to significantly overestimate volumetric dilation leading to spurious results. This paper therefore opens the door for the NURBS plasticity formulation to be used for a far wider class of material behaviour than is currently possible.