Cascade charge transfer enabled by incorporating edge-enriched graphene nanoribbons for mesostructured perovskite solar cells with enhanced performance

A robust ETL constructed by incorporating GNRs with rich electrochemically active edges into TiO2 paste for enabling cascade charge transfer when capitalizing on in m-PSCs is first reported. An enhanced PCE of 17.69%, a steady-state efficiency output of 17.05%, and a largely reduced current-voltage hysteresis are achieved, outperforming the device with pure TiO2 ETL. The photo-carrier dynamics are subsequently scrutinized by a combined IMPS and IMVS study.290