Effect of thymosin beta 4 in the presence of up-regulation of the insulin-like growth factor-1 signaling pathway on high-glucose-exposed vascular endothelial cells

- Tβ4 attenuates high glucose induced cellular toxicity in HUVECs.
- Tβ4 mediates the IGF-1/IGF-1 receptor signaling pathway, but not the insulin.
- PI3K/AKT and GSK3β signaling pathways are affected by Tβ4 inducing IGF-1.
- Tβ4 attenuates the high glucose toxicity via the IGF-1/IGF-1R pathway.