A new top-down approach for directly estimating biomass burning emissions and fuel consumption rates and totals from geostationary satellite fire radiative power (FRP)

Regional to global-scale biomass burning emissions inventories are primarily based on satellite-derived burned area or fire radiative power (FRP), and most rely on conversions to fuel consumption prior to the emissions estimation stage. This is generally considered the step introducing greatest uncertainty, and some apparently discrete inventories are not fully independent, as they have been cross-calibrated to aid this stage. We present a novel emissions inventory approach that bypasses the fuel consumption step, directly linking geostationary FRP measures to emission rates of total particulate matter (TPM), via coefficients derived from observations of smoke plume aerosol optical depth (AOD). The approach is fully 'top-down', being based on spaceborne observations alone, is performed at or close to the FRP data's original pixel resolution, and avoids the need to assume or model fuel consumption per unit area prior to the emissions calculation. Rates and totals of trace gas and carbon emission can be inferred from the TPM fluxes, and in combination with satellite burned area (BA) products the approach provides an innovative top down approach to mapping fuel consumption per unit area (kg·m− 2) as a last step in the calculation. Using this innovative methodology, which we term 'FREemissions' (FREM), we generate a 2004-2012 fire emissions inventory for southern Africa, based on Meteosat FRP-PIXEL data. We find basic annual average TPM emissions 45% higher than the widely used GFASv1.2 inventory, with our higher totals in line with independent assessments that necessitate a significant upscaling of GFAS TPM emissions to match observed AODs. Our estimates are also 12% higher than GFEDv4.1s, which already includes a substantial upward adjustment for fires too small to be detected by the MODIS MCD64A1 BA product. If we adjust the FREM-derived emissions for SEVIRI's inability to detect the lower FRP component of the regions fire regime then the differences between FREM and GFAS/GFED grow further, to a mean of 64% with respect to GFED4.1s TPM emissions for example. These upwardly adjusted FREM estimates agree very well with FEER, an FRP- and AOD-based inventory driven by polar-orbiting MODIS FRP 'snapshots' rather than geostationary observations. Similarly higher totals are seen for FREM's fire-emitted trace gases, derived using the emission factor ratios of gases to particulates. Our exploitation of geostationary FRP requires fewer assumptions than use of polar orbiter FRP measures, avoids biases coming from incomplete sampling of the fire diurnal cycle, and enables the FREM approach to provide fire emissions and fuel consumption estimates at a higher spatio-temporal resolution than any inventory currently available (e.g. 0.05°, and hourly averages or better), including per km2 of area burned. The approach offers great potential to generate very high resolution fire emissions datasets for the tropics, sub-tropics and potentially temperate zones, with updates available in near real-time from the global suite of geostationary meteorological satellites operated by organisations such as EUMETSAT (Meteosat), NOAA (GOES) and JMA (Himawari).