Vortex-assisted surfactant-enhanced-emulsification liquid–liquid microextraction

A novel sample pre-treatment technique, based on vortex-assisted surfactant-enhanced-emulsification liquid–liquid microextraction (VSLLME), followed by gas chromatography-flame photometric detection (GC-FPD) has been developed for the determination of seven organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) in wine and honey samples. In the VSLLME method, the extraction solvent was dispersed into the aqueous samples by the assistance of vortex agitator. Meanwhile, the addition of a surfactant, which was used as an emulsifier, could enhance the speed of the mass-transfer from aqueous samples to the extraction solvent. The main parameters relevant to this method were investigated and the optimum conditions were established: 15 μL chlorobenzene was used as extraction solvent, 0.2 mmol L−1 Triton X-114 was selected as the surfactant, the extraction time was fixed at 30 s, 3% sodium chloride was added and the extraction process was performed under the room temperature. Under the optimum conditions, limits of detections (LODs) were varied between 0.01 and 0.05 μg L−1. The relative standard deviation (RSD, n = 6) ranged from 2.3% and 8.9%. The linearity was obtained by five points in the concentration range of 0.1–50.0 μg L−1. Correlation coefficients (r) varied from 0.9969 to 0.9991. The enrichment factors (EFs) were in a range of 282–309. Finally, the proposed method has been successfully applied to the determination of target analytes in real samples. The recoveries of the target analytes in wine and honey samples were between 81.2% and 108.0%.