Onset velocity of circulating fluidization and particle residence time distribution: A CFD-DEM study

- A method to calculate the onset velocity of liquid-solid fluidized bed was proposed by simulation.
- Onset velocity was determined by the fitted particle mean residence time vs. liquid velocity lines.
- Collisional parameters did not affect mean residence time and onset velocity.
- Humps and trailing on residence time distribution curves originated in particle-scale behavior.