Continuous hydrothermal synthesis of Ca1−xSrxTiO3 solid-solution nanoparticles using a T-type micromixer

• Continuous hydrothermal synthesis of CaxSr1−xTiO3 nanoparticles was achieved at 673 K and 30 MPa for 5.0 s mean residence time using a flow-through apparatus equipped with a T-type micromixer.
• Nanoparticles with stoichiometric composition of Ca1−xSrxTiO3 were produced at high NaOH molality condition.
• CaxSr1−xTiO3 solid-solution nanoparticles were obtained over the whole composition range by controlling the metal molality in the stating solution.

In this work, a continuous hydrothermal synthesis method in supercritical water was applied to environmentally benign production of Ca1−xSrxTiO3 (x = 0.0–1.0) solid-solution nanoparticles as key materials in conducting, electric, magnetic, and photocatalytic fields. A T-type micromixer (330 μm id) was introduced for rapid heating of stating solutions of Ca(NO3)2, Sr(NO3)2, and TiO2 sol using turbulent flow mixing with preheated NaOH aqueous solution and also for exact control of reaction temperature. At 673 K and 30 MPa for 5.0 s mean residence time, Ca1−xSrxTiO3 solid-solution nanoparticles having crystallite diameters of around 20 nm with monomodal diameter distributions were obtained without byproducts and production of CaTiO3 and SrTiO3 separately over the whole composition range. Effects of NaOH molality, Ca and Sr compositions in the starting solutions, and mean residence time on the reaction were examined. The results showed that TiO2 sol dissolution and Ca1−xSrxTiO3 precipitation were almost finished within 0.25 s mean residence time, and after that Ostwald ripening proceeded.

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