Accounting practices as social technologies of colonialistic outreach from London, Washington, et Cetera

• Accounting in a colony is linked genealogically with accounting in an emerging economy.
• Power relations and socio-economic activities underpin accounting usages.
• Imperialism emphasises accounting for and about the colonised, not to them.
• Accounting research in core countries has backwash effects for accounting research from the periphery.
• Tracing accountings enlightens how, when, where and why history matters across other disciplines.

Critical studies of accounting are a potential source of invigoration and action to abate lingering injustice and opportune the betterment of present and future life. In this study, we combine a foundation study of accounting usages over two centuries in the Kiribati Islands; and an exposé of these usages from the perspective of the I-Kiribati indigenes. The study is unusual in linking the history of a colony with the history of an emerging economy. We argue that colonisers espied economic, social and political benefits of colonialistic acts, and accounting usages were initiated and maturated alongside these, to avail commerce and life's personal dealings, religion-making, and government and public policymaking. Several persisting inadequacies of these accounting usages are revealed. They derive mostly from how asymmetric power relations in various contexts have played important roles in ways that accounting usages were constituted and sustained, and that this continues to be the case. The indigenes have not been accounted to, nor have had ready access to information concerning them. The indigenes have shared in some benefits but only incidentally and invariably down the pecking order. The indigenes have been precluded, befuddled and amazed by the usages, which concomitantly have enabled successive colonisers to re-define, enclose, exploit, subject and neo-liberalise them.

(te taetae ni Kiribati (Gilbertese))A tia I-Kiribati n noora aia mwakuri, butin aia waaki ma aia boutoka taan waikua, taan akawa, taan iokinibwai, mitinare ao ai taan kabuta te tautaeka n te korone irouia I-Matang, I-Amerika ao ai I-Tiabaan ma I-Tiaina are e kakoauaki bwa e a tia ni buokaki iai te I-Kiribati n ana waaki ni kabutan ana reirei, tararuaan ana bootan aomata, kaubwain abana ao ai kateimatoaan ana katei.Ni maangan nako aia wawaki I-Abatera aikai ao teuana mai buakona bon kawakinan ke tararuaan temwane (accounting). Te maroro aio e boboto iaon tararuaan ma tauan mwiin te mwane ma iterana nako ake ea tia n rootaki iai te I-Kiribati.Te maroro aei ena tiriburei man waei aia waaki I-Abatera ao n kaeti buren babaire ake a nako buaka ni kaineti ma kawakinan ao tararuaan kaubwain abana. Enan buoka te I-Kiribati bwa ena mwenga raoi ao riki bwa ena nako raoi ana reitaki ma te I-Abatera ni ireke n rao ni kaetieti iaon kabonganaan kaubwain abana ao iaon mwaane ni buoka mai itinaniku.A teretere iango ibukin te maroro bwa:
• bukin tera ngkai te I-Kiribati e karako tibwana ni kaubwain abana ao n akea te kamatata nakoina mai iroun te tia kamwakuri bwa bukin tera ngkai ngaia te kabwanea n uarereke boona.
• te I-Kiribati e memeere ana atatai iaon kawakinan ma tararuan kaubwaina ao bukin tera ngkai e karako ana kataneiai ma ana boutoka te I-Abatera n reiakinna bwa ena ata aron kawakinan ana mwane ke kaubwain abana.
• te kantaninga bwa te I-Kiribati ena titabo ao man tabe n rikirake tibwana man ana aanga ni karikirake ma ni iokinibwai nako ao man ana reitaki ma te I-Abatera n taai aikai ao aika ana rook.