When a firm's centrality in R&D alliance network is (not) the answer for invention: The interaction of centrality, inward and outward knowledge transfer

Bridging three research domains, centrality in R&D alliance networks, knowledge transfer, and the determinants of firm invention output, we develop an interaction model explaining how the centrality–invention output relationship is contingent on the levels of firm inward and outward knowledge transfer. A positive interaction between inward and outward knowledge transfer enhances invention output. However, an invention dissipation effect occurs when central firms have low levels of inward and high levels of outward knowledge transfer. Our findings and implications for managing tensions between inward and outward knowledge transfer are based on an 18-year panel data set including 287 biopharmaceutical firms.