The Simultaneous Influence of National Culture and Market Turbulence on Entrepreneurial Orientation: A Nine-country Study

Building on research that has shown that a firm's entrepreneurial orientation (EO) depends on environmental factors, we argue that EO is a firm's reaction to its institutional environment and use the dimensions of individualism and uncertainty avoidance to investigate the single and combined effects on EO of market turbulence and national culture. We test our hypotheses by generating survey data from top management team members across a broad nine-country sample, which support our hypotheses regarding the direct effect of environmental turbulence and national culture on EO. We also find that the interplay of turbulent markets with individualistic cultures increases EO, while the interaction of market turbulence and uncertainty avoidance does not.