A computational fluid dynamic analysis of the effect of side draughts and nozzle diameter on shielding gas coverage during gas metal arc welding

► A simplified computational model and experimental trials correlate closely. ► A 16 mm nozzle can produce highly concentrated shielding gas columns with diameters of up to 28 mm. ► Decrease in shielding gas coverage and weld quality as side draught velocity increases. ► Reduction in nozzle diameter increases the shielding gas columns resistance to side draughts. ► Critical ratio of shielding gas to side draught velocity decreases as nozzle diameter decreases.