Enhancement and prediction of modulus of elasticity of palm kernel shell concrete

► Micro-pores of size 16-24 μm were found on the outer surface of palm kernel shell. ► Infilling of pores by mineral admixtures was evident. ► Sand content influenced both modulus of elasticity and compressive strength. ► Proposed equation predicts modulus of elasticity within ±1.5 kN/mm2 of test results.