A review of electronics demanufacturing processes

Hundreds of millions of end-of-life electronics require demanufacturing for materials recovery. The challenges of significant quantities of different products converging to demanufacturing processes present research opportunities for technology, recycling process design, and controls. In this review, we summarize research to improve demanufacturing processes through disassembly, automation, bulk recycling of ferrous and nonferrous metals, and plastics identification and separation. We conclude with future research directions for electronics recycling.