Brassica napus seed meal soil amendment modifies microbial community structure, nitric oxide production and incidence of Rhizoctonia root rot

A low glucosinolate content (21.8 μmol g−1) Brassica napus seed meal (RSM) applied to orchard soils altered communities of both pathogenic and saprophytic soil micro-organisms. RSM amendment reduced infection by native and introduced isolates of Rhizoctonia spp. and recovery of Pratylenchus spp. from apple roots. Root infection by Rhizoctonia solani AG-5 was also suppressed in split-root assays where a portion of the root system was cultivated in RSM-amended soils and the remainder grown in the presence of the pathogen but lacking RSM. R. solani hyphal growth was not inhibited by RSM amendment. Suppression of Pratylenchus was attained to an equivalent extent by amending soils with either RSM or soybean meal (SM) when applied to provide a similar N content. Thus, glucosinolate hydrolysis products did not appear to have a significant role in the suppression of Rhizoctonia spp. or Pratylenchus spp. obtained via RSM amendment. RSM amendment elevated populations of Pythium spp. and of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria that release nitric oxide but suppressed fluorescent pseudomonad numbers. Streptomyces spp. soil populations increased significantly in response to RSM but not SM amendment. The vast majority of Streptomyces spp. recovered from the apple rhizosphere produced nitric oxide and possessed a nitric oxide synthase homolog. We propose that transformations in the bacterial community structure are associated with the observed control of Rhizoctonia root rot, with NO production by soil bacteria potentially having a role in the induction of plant systemic resistance.