Phenotypic and proliferative modulation of human mesenchymal stem cells via crosstalk with endothelial cells

► A large number of MSCs is necessary for creating a tissue-engineered implant. ► Endothelial cells enhance MSC proliferation in direct contact. ► Endothelial cells induce MSCs osteogenic commitment without osteogenic stimuli. ► MSC differentiation is independent of the coculture cell ratio.