Tissue culture of human alveolar periosteal sheets using a stem-cell culture medium (MesenPRO-RS™): In vitro expansion of CD146-positive cells and concomitant upregulation of osteogenic potential in vivo

► Human periosteal sheets were thickened by a commercial stem cell culture medium. ► This cell multilayer formation developed a tensile force and formed αSMA fibers. ► Growth factors involved in myofibroblastic differentiation were downregulated. ► CD146+ cells, recently considered as osteoprogenitors, were substantially induced.