Evaluation of anti-nociceptive effect of epidural tramadol, tramadol-lidocaine and lidocaine in goats

Conclusions and clinical relevance  The combination of tramadol-lidocaine given by epidural injection produced an anti-nociceptive effect in the perineal region, which was rapid in onset and had a longer duration of action than lidocaine alone. This combination might prove useful clinically to provide analgesia in goats for long-duration obstetrical and surgical procedures but surgical stimuli were not investigated in this study.