An implicit surface tension model for the analysis of droplet dynamics

A Lagrangian incompressible fluid flow model is extended by including an implicit surface tension term in order to analyze droplet dynamics. The Lagrangian framework is adopted to model the fluid and track its boundary, and the implicit surface tension term is used to introduce the appropriate forces at the domain boundary. The introduction of the tangent matrix corresponding to the surface tension force term ensures enhanced stability of the derived model. Static, dynamic and sessile droplet examples are simulated to validate the model and evaluate its performance. Numerical results are capable of reproducing the pressure distribution in droplets, and the advancing and receding contact angles evolution for droplets in varying substrates and inclined planes. The model is stable even at time steps up to 20 times larger than previously reported in literature and achieves first and second order convergence in time and space, respectively. The present implicit surface tension implementation is applicable to any model where the interface is represented by a moving boundary mesh.