Compensatory articulation in American English nasalized vowels

► Many analyses presuppose that nasal and oral vowels have the same oral properties. ► F1-modulation can be attributed to both nasalization and tongue height. ► We find that the tongue is higher in American English /i/ when preceded by a nasal. ► Speakers may be compensating for F1-modulation associated with nasality. ► Speakers may be resisting phonological vowel nasalization by raising the tongue.