The Effect of Urbanization on Road Energy Consumption and CO2 Emissions in Emerging Megacity of Jakarta, Indonesia

Few studies have been made to explore quantitatively and systematically the impact of urbanization on transport energy use for cities in emerging countries. This paper tries to examine the relationship between urbanization and transport sector energy use in megacity Jakarta. Data from Jakarta Statistical Bureau for the megacity Jakarta and the period 2001-2014 are used and analyzed. Applying both the carbon-emissions-coefficient and the transport-energy-consumption method, we predicted the carbon emissions based on energy consumption, explored the characteristics of energy consumption and carbon emissions in different urbanization stages. Our results show the existence of co-integration and validated that urbanization is a major contributor in transport energy consumption. Income raises vehicle ownership and travel demand. The causality analysis finds that urbanization Granger causes transport energy consumption.