Public Relations and Corporate Social Responsibility in Mandatory Approach Era in Indonesia

Indonesia was the first nation in the world to adopt a mandatory approach to CSR. Although the Acts have required CSR as compulsory, they have not determined the measurement. The research aims to reveal the implementation of CSR in Indonesia. The article combines Kanji Chopra Model and Turker's Scale to measure CSR to offer a standard for different regions in Indonesia because these models have been applied in Western and Eastern contexts. A survey has been conducted to 87 practitioners and found that CSR was conducted by focusing to gain social welfare and conducted by public relations.