A Model of Supervision in Communicating Expectation Using Supervisory Styles and Students Learning Styles

Malaysia is developing and increasing numbers of Professional of Doctorate (PhD) graduates. From the literature, the common factors that limit the success of PhD students are difficulties in the supervisory process. This paper discusses the needs of effective supervision to resolve problem arise within the PhD student-supervisor relationship by using supervisory styles and students learning style in communicating expectations. Several models of supervision and then several models implemented for PhD supervision are reviewed. Then, the lessons learned are used as a reference to develop a supervisory model that may fit into the Technical and Vocational Education Training (TVET) education system. An exemplary model of PhD supervision has been developed, which consists the predictors to ensure the success of PhD supervision. In future, this model is requiring experimentation its effectiveness to expedite graduation, increase graduation rates, and improve the quality of research in the TVET sector.