Economic Impacts of Staffed and Unassisted off-Hour Deliveries in New York City

This paper discusses the economic impacts of off-hour deliveries (OHD) and builds upon the chief findings of a research project that tested the use of financial incentives to receivers as an alternative to freight road pricing. The two main modalities of OHD (i.e., staffed and unassisted) are compared to highlight the different trade-offs between operational cost and risk. The paper reports the results of the economic analyses conducted for both staffed and unassisted OHD.