Univariate and multivariate models of positive and negative networks: Liking, disliking, and bully–victim relationships

Three relations between elementary school children were investigated: networks of general dislike and bullying were related to networks of general like. These were modeled using multivariate cross-sectional (statistical) network models. Exponential random graph models for a sample of 18 classrooms, numbering 393 students, were summarized using meta-analyses. Results showed (balanced) network structures with positive ties between those who were structurally equivalent in the negative network. Moreover, essential structural parameters for the univariate network structure of positive (general like) and negative (general dislike and bullying) tie networks were identified. Different structures emerged in positive and negative networks. The results provide a starting point for further theoretical and (multiplex) empirical research about negative ties and their interplay with positive ties.

► General like, general dislike, and bullying relations were studied in 18 classrooms.
► Positive and negative network structures differ systematically in univariate models.
► General dislike and bullying are negative networks with different structures.
► Multiplex networks give insight into interdependence of positive-negative relations.
► Children with an equivalent position in the negative network are tied positively.