Excitation levels in ultra-dense hydrogen p(−1) and d(−1) clusters: Structure of spin-based Rydberg Matter

• The novel theory for ultra-dense materials predicts that several excitation levels of spin quantum number s exist.
• A theoretical description of superconductors by J.E. Hirsch is the starting point.
• The agreement with the normal experimental D–D distance is excellent at 2.23 pm for s = 2.
• The predicted inter-atomic distance is only 0.56 pm in the lowest excitation level s = 1.
• Theory is verified by experimentally detecting states with spin values s = 1 and s = 3.

Laser-induced Coulomb explosions in ultra-dense hydrogen clusters prove that the interatomic distance in such clusters is a few picometers, since the well-defined kinetic energy release (Coulomb repulsion energy) is many hundred eV. In the best characterized case which is ultra-dense deuterium D(−1) or d(−1), the kinetic energy given to the fragments in a cluster is normally 630 eV. This implies a D–D distance of 2.3 ± 0.1 pm (2.15 ± 0.02 pm measured in D4 clusters). A description based on theoretical work by J.E. Hirsch using only the electron spins predicts that several excitation levels of spin quantum number s exist in these quantum materials. The agreement with the experimental D–D distance is excellent at 2.23 pm for s = 2. Theory is now verified by experimentally detecting states with spin values s = 1 and s = 3. The D–D distance is only 0.56 pm in the lowest excitation level s = 1. The previously suggested “inverted” structure of D(−1) is obsolete since the new theory gives a better explanation of the accumulated experimental results.

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